The discovery of the village "On the far curving shore of the bay lies Skara Brae, hazy
through the sea-haar."
George Mackay Brown – Rockpools and Daffodils On the southern shore of the Bay o’ Skaill, in the West Mainland parish of Sandwick, is the Neolithic village of Skara Brae – one of Orkney’s most-visited ancient sites and regarded by many as one of the most remarkable prehistoric monuments in Europe. In the winter of 1850, a great storm battered Orkney. There was nothing particularly unusual about that, but, on this occasion, the combination of wind and extremely high tides stripped the grass from a large mound, then known as "Skerrabra". This revealed the outline of a number of stone buildings – something that intrigued the local laird, William Watt, of Skaill, who embarked on an excavation of the site. In 1868, after the remains of four ancient houses had been unearthed, work at Skerrabra was abandoned. The settlement remained undisturbed until 1925, when another storm damaged some of the previously excavated structures. 
A sea-wall was built to preserve these remains, but during the construction work, yet more ancient buildings were discovered. "I hear, says the writer in The Bulletin, that the excavations at Skerrabrae in Orkney, which attracted so much attention last year, are to be resumed at an early date. "Professor V. Gordon Childe will again co-operate with the representatives of the Office of Works. "There are still some problems to be solved, and its hoped that this season’s researches will throw a flood of light on the period of the underground structures and the people who dwelt in them."
The Orcadian, July 4, 1929 ‘Modern’ investigations  Further excavations followed and, between 1928 and 1930, the dwellings we see today were released from their protective cocoons.
At the time, the village was thought to be an Iron Age settlement, dating from around 500BC – but this was no Pictish village. Radiocarbon dating in the early 1970s confirmed that the settlement dated from the late Neolithic — inhabited for around 600 years, between 3200BC and 2200BC. Today, Skerrabra – or Skara Brae as it has become known – survives as eight dwellings, linked together by a series of low, covered passages. Because of the protection offered by the sand that covered the settlement for 4,000 years, the buildings, and their contents, are incredibly well-preserved. Not only are the walls of the structures still standing, and alleyways roofed with their original stone slabs, but the interior fittings of each house give an unparalleled glimpse of life as it was in Neolithic Orkney. Each house shares the same basic design – a large square room, with a central fireplace, a bed on either side and a shelved dresser on the wall opposite the doorway. In its lifetime, Skara Brae became embedded in its own rubbish and this, together with the encroaching sand dunes, meant the village was gradually abandoned. Thereafter, the settlement was gradually covered by a drifting wall of sand that hid it from sight for for over 40 centuries. But the elements that exposed Skara Brae to the world are also its greatest nemesis. The village remains under constant threat by coastal erosion and the onslaught of the sand and sea. In addition, the increasing number of visitors to the site annually are causing problems. Steps are being taken, however, to alleviate, or minimise, this damage. | | Section Contents |  |
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The name "Skara Brae" is a modern corruption of Skerrabra – the name the site went by until at least the 1950s. Writing in 1928, Orcadian scholar Hugh Marwick declared: "An elderly Sandwick man, who has lived in the neighbourhood all his days, informs me that he had always hear it referred to as "Styerrabrae", i.e. Skerrabrae, with the local palatalising of ‘sk’ before a front vowel."
The idea that Skara Brae was unknown until it was uncovered by the storm of 1850 is "a complete fiction", according to Orcadian historian Dr Ernest Marwick. In an article in The Orcadian newspaper in 1967, Dr Marwick said: “In his Observations made in a Tour of the islands of Orkney and Shetland in the year 1769, James Robertson wrote of the square catacombs in the Downs of Skail, and said that in one a skeleton was found with a sword in one hand and a Danish axe in the other.”
Because of the infamous erosion, Skara Brae now stands right by the shore of the Bay o’ Skaill. During its lifetime, however, the village would have been some distance from the sea.
At one time it was thought that a fresh water lagoon lay between the village and the Neolithic coastline. Iinvestigations by the Quaternary Society, however, revealed that although the lagoon certainly existed, by the time of Skara Brae’s construction, it had dried up leaving an area of open grassland.
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